{
  "title": {
    "en": "SSD Grammar & Sentence Patterns",
    "zh": "SSD 语法与句型库",
    "ja": "SSD 文法・文型データベース"
  },
  "creator": {
    "name": {
      "en": "Lingling Liu",
      "zh": "刘玲伶",
      "ja": "リンリン・リュウ"
    },
    "profile": "https://linglingliu.org/"
  },
  "version": "0.1.0",
  "year": 2026,
  "status": "public-example-release",
  "releaseUrl": "https://grammar.scientificsongdesign.org/releases/v0.1.0/",
  "entries": [
    {
      "id": "SSD-G-EN-001",
      "slug": "a-an",
      "language": "en",
      "form": "a / an",
      "title": {
        "en": "Indefinite articles",
        "zh": "不定冠词",
        "ja": "不定冠詞"
      },
      "use": {
        "en": "Introduce one person or thing that is not yet identified.",
        "zh": "提到一个尚未明确指明的人或事物。",
        "ja": "まだ特定されていない一人の人や一つの物を示します。"
      },
      "rule": {
        "en": "Use a or an before a singular countable noun. Choose by the first sound immediately after the article. A goes before a consonant sound, as in a uniform. An goes before a vowel sound, as in an hour or an old bus.",
        "zh": "a 和 an 用在单数可数名词前。选哪一个取决于紧跟冠词的第一个音。辅音开头用 a，如 a uniform。元音开头用 an，如 an hour、an old bus。",
        "ja": "単数の可算名詞に a または an を付けます。直後の音が子音なら a（a uniform）、母音なら an（an hour、an old bus）を使います。"
      },
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "I see an airplane.",
          "translation": {
            "en": "",
            "zh": "我看见一架飞机。",
            "ja": "飛行機が見えます。"
          }
        },
        {
          "text": "There is a uniform on the chair.",
          "translation": {
            "en": "",
            "zh": "椅子上有一套制服。",
            "ja": "椅子の上に制服があります。"
          }
        }
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": {
            "en": "British Council · Articles: 'a', 'an', 'the'",
            "zh": "British Council · Articles: 'a', 'an', 'the'",
            "ja": "British Council · Articles: 'a', 'an', 'the'"
          },
          "url": "https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/free-resources/grammar/a1-a2-grammar/articles-a-an-the"
        }
      ],
      "lyricRefs": [
        "a-1",
        "a-2",
        "b-1",
        "b-3"
      ],
      "url": "https://grammar.scientificsongdesign.org/entries/a-an/"
    },
    {
      "id": "SSD-G-EN-002",
      "slug": "can-base-verb",
      "language": "en",
      "form": "can + base verb",
      "title": {
        "en": "Talking about ability",
        "zh": "用 can 表达能力",
        "ja": "can で能力を表す"
      },
      "use": {
        "en": "Say what someone is able to do.",
        "zh": "说明某人会做什么。",
        "ja": "何ができるかを伝えます。"
      },
      "rule": {
        "en": "Follow can with the base form of the verb, such as swim or read. Can stays the same with all subjects. The negative form is cannot or can’t.",
        "zh": "can 后面接动词原形，如 swim 或 read。主语变化时，can 的形式相同。否定形式是 cannot 或 can’t。",
        "ja": "can の後には swim や read など、動詞の原形を置きます。主語が変わっても can の形は同じです。否定形は cannot または can’t です。"
      },
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "My sister can ride a bike.",
          "translation": {
            "en": "",
            "zh": "我妹妹会骑自行车。",
            "ja": "妹は自転車に乗れます。"
          }
        },
        {
          "text": "I can read this map.",
          "translation": {
            "en": "",
            "zh": "我能看懂这张地图。",
            "ja": "私はこの地図が読めます。"
          }
        }
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": {
            "en": "British Council · Modals – 'can' and 'can't'",
            "zh": "British Council · Modals – 'can' and 'can't'",
            "ja": "British Council · Modals – 'can' and 'can't'"
          },
          "url": "https://learnenglishkids.britishcouncil.org/grammar-vocabulary/grammar-practice/modals-can-cant"
        }
      ],
      "url": "https://grammar.scientificsongdesign.org/entries/can-base-verb/"
    },
    {
      "id": "SSD-G-EN-003",
      "slug": "there-is-there-are",
      "language": "en",
      "form": "there is / there are",
      "title": {
        "en": "Saying what is there",
        "zh": "说明某处有什么",
        "ja": "ある・いるものを示す"
      },
      "use": {
        "en": "Introduce something that exists or is in a place.",
        "zh": "介绍存在的事物，或说明一个地方有什么。",
        "ja": "何かが存在することや、ある場所に何があるかを伝えます。"
      },
      "rule": {
        "en": "Use there is with a singular countable noun or an uncountable noun. Use there are with a plural countable noun.",
        "zh": "单数可数名词或不可数名词搭配 there is。复数可数名词搭配 there are。",
        "ja": "単数の可算名詞や不可算名詞には there is、複数の可算名詞には there are を使います。"
      },
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "There is a tree by the gate.",
          "translation": {
            "en": "",
            "zh": "门边有一棵树。",
            "ja": "門のそばに木が一本あります。"
          }
        },
        {
          "text": "There are two buses outside.",
          "translation": {
            "en": "",
            "zh": "外面有两辆公交车。",
            "ja": "外にバスが二台あります。"
          }
        }
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": {
            "en": "British Council · Using 'there is' and 'there are'",
            "zh": "British Council · Using 'there is' and 'there are'",
            "ja": "British Council · Using 'there is' and 'there are'"
          },
          "url": "https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/free-resources/grammar/a1-a2/using-there-there-are"
        }
      ],
      "url": "https://grammar.scientificsongdesign.org/entries/there-is-there-are/"
    },
    {
      "id": "SSD-G-ZH-001",
      "slug": "zai-place-action",
      "language": "zh",
      "form": "在 + 地点 + 动作",
      "title": {
        "en": "Where an action happens",
        "zh": "说明动作发生的地点",
        "ja": "動作が行われる場所"
      },
      "use": {
        "en": "Say where someone does something.",
        "zh": "说明某人在哪里做某件事。",
        "ja": "誰かがどこで何をするかを伝えます。"
      },
      "rule": {
        "en": "In this pattern, place 在 (zài) and the location before the action. The location may be a place name or a phrase such as 桌子旁边.",
        "zh": "这个句型把“在”和地点放在动作前面。地点可以是一个地名，也可以是“桌子旁边”这样的短语。",
        "ja": "この文型では「在」と場所を動作の前に置きます。場所には地名や「桌子旁边」のような表現を使えます。"
      },
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "我在图书馆看书。",
          "translation": {
            "en": "I read in the library.",
            "zh": "",
            "ja": "私は図書館で本を読みます。"
          }
        },
        {
          "text": "他们在公园跑步。",
          "translation": {
            "en": "They run in the park.",
            "zh": "",
            "ja": "彼らは公園で走ります。"
          }
        }
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": {
            "en": "Chinese Proficiency Test (HSK) Syllabus · Grammar appendix",
            "zh": "《HSK 考试大纲》· 语法大纲",
            "ja": "漢語水平考試（HSK）試験大綱 · 文法編"
          },
          "url": "https://hsk.cn-bj.ufileos.com/3.0/%E6%96%B0%E7%89%88HSK%E8%80%83%E8%AF%95%E5%A4%A7%E7%BA%B21219.pdf",
          "locator": {
            "en": "Grammar appendix · 在 introducing location, printed p. 383",
            "zh": "语法大纲 · 介词“在”引出处所，书内第 383 页",
            "ja": "文法編 · 場所を示す介詞「在」、本文383ページ"
          }
        }
      ],
      "url": "https://grammar.scientificsongdesign.org/entries/zai-place-action/"
    },
    {
      "id": "SSD-G-ZH-002",
      "slug": "zhengzai-action",
      "language": "zh",
      "form": "正在 + 动词",
      "title": {
        "en": "An action in progress",
        "zh": "说明正在进行的动作",
        "ja": "進行中の動作"
      },
      "use": {
        "en": "Describe an action that is underway at the time you are talking about.",
        "zh": "说明在所说的那个时间，动作正在进行。",
        "ja": "話題にしている時点で動作が進行中であることを表します。"
      },
      "rule": {
        "en": "Place 正在 (zhèngzài) before the verb or verb phrase. For example, 正在 + 听音乐 says that someone is listening to music.",
        "zh": "“正在”放在动词或动词短语前。例如，“正在”加上“听音乐”，表示听音乐这个动作在进行。",
        "ja": "「正在」を動詞や動詞句の前に置きます。たとえば「正在＋听音乐」は、音楽を聴いている途中であることを表します。"
      },
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "我正在听音乐。",
          "translation": {
            "en": "I’m listening to music.",
            "zh": "",
            "ja": "私は今、音楽を聴いています。"
          }
        },
        {
          "text": "她正在写名字。",
          "translation": {
            "en": "She’s writing her name.",
            "zh": "",
            "ja": "彼女は今、名前を書いています。"
          }
        }
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": {
            "en": "Chinese Proficiency Test (HSK) Syllabus · Grammar appendix",
            "zh": "《HSK 考试大纲》· 语法大纲",
            "ja": "漢語水平考試（HSK）試験大綱 · 文法編"
          },
          "url": "https://hsk.cn-bj.ufileos.com/3.0/%E6%96%B0%E7%89%88HSK%E8%80%83%E8%AF%95%E5%A4%A7%E7%BA%B21219.pdf",
          "locator": {
            "en": "Grammar appendix · Progressive aspect, printed p. 385",
            "zh": "语法大纲 · 进行态，书内第 385 页",
            "ja": "文法編 · 進行態、本文385ページ"
          }
        }
      ],
      "url": "https://grammar.scientificsongdesign.org/entries/zhengzai-action/"
    },
    {
      "id": "SSD-G-ZH-003",
      "slug": "numeral-classifier-noun",
      "language": "zh",
      "form": "数词 + 量词 + 名词",
      "title": {
        "en": "Counting with measure words",
        "zh": "用量词数事物",
        "ja": "量詞で数える"
      },
      "use": {
        "en": "Say how many items there are using a measure word.",
        "zh": "用量词说出事物的数量。",
        "ja": "量詞を使って物の数を表します。"
      },
      "rule": {
        "en": "Put the measure word between the number and the noun. The measure word depends on what is counted, such as 本 for books and 只 for cats.",
        "zh": "量词放在数词和名词之间。事物不同，搭配的量词也可能不同，例如书用“本”，猫用“只”。",
        "ja": "数詞と名詞の間に量詞を置きます。たとえば本には「本」、猫には「只」を使います。"
      },
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "我买了两本书。",
          "translation": {
            "en": "I bought two books.",
            "zh": "",
            "ja": "本を二冊買いました。"
          }
        },
        {
          "text": "窗边有一只猫。",
          "translation": {
            "en": "There is a cat by the window.",
            "zh": "",
            "ja": "窓のそばに猫が一匹います。"
          }
        }
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": {
            "en": "Chinese Proficiency Test (HSK) Syllabus · Grammar appendix",
            "zh": "《HSK 考试大纲》· 语法大纲",
            "ja": "漢語水平考試（HSK）試験大綱 · 文法編"
          },
          "url": "https://hsk.cn-bj.ufileos.com/3.0/%E6%96%B0%E7%89%88HSK%E8%80%83%E8%AF%95%E5%A4%A7%E7%BA%B21219.pdf",
          "locator": {
            "en": "Grammar appendix · Nominal measure words and quantity phrases, printed pp. 383–384",
            "zh": "语法大纲 · 名量词及数量短语，书内第 383–384 页",
            "ja": "文法編 · 名量詞と数量句、本文383〜384ページ"
          }
        }
      ],
      "url": "https://grammar.scientificsongdesign.org/entries/numeral-classifier-noun/"
    },
    {
      "id": "SSD-G-JA-001",
      "slug": "o-kudasai",
      "language": "ja",
      "form": "名詞 + をください",
      "title": {
        "en": "Politely asking for an item",
        "zh": "礼貌地请求给自己某物",
        "ja": "物を丁寧に頼む"
      },
      "use": {
        "en": "Ask for something politely, for example when ordering.",
        "zh": "礼貌地请求某物，例如点餐。",
        "ja": "注文する場面などで、欲しい物を丁寧に頼みます。"
      },
      "rule": {
        "en": "Put the item before をください. In a short spoken order, speakers may omit を when the item is clear.",
        "zh": "把想要的物品放在“をください”前。口头点单时，如果对象清楚，可以省略“を”。",
        "ja": "欲しい物を「をください」の前に置きます。短い注文では、注文する物が明らかなときに「を」を省くこともあります。"
      },
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "水をください。",
          "translation": {
            "en": "Water, please.",
            "zh": "请给我水。",
            "ja": ""
          }
        },
        {
          "text": "このパンをください。",
          "translation": {
            "en": "I’d like this bread, please.",
            "zh": "请给我这个面包。",
            "ja": ""
          }
        }
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": {
            "en": "The Japan Foundation · Irodori Starter, Lesson 6",
            "zh": "日本国际交流基金会《Irodori 生活日语》· 第 6 课",
            "ja": "国際交流基金『いろどり 生活の日本語』· 第6課"
          },
          "url": "https://www.irodori.jpf.go.jp/assets/data/starter/pdf/X_L06.pdf"
        }
      ],
      "url": "https://grammar.scientificsongdesign.org/entries/o-kudasai/"
    },
    {
      "id": "SSD-G-JA-002",
      "slug": "ga-suki-desu",
      "language": "ja",
      "form": "名詞 + が好きです",
      "title": {
        "en": "Saying what you like",
        "zh": "表达自己喜欢什么",
        "ja": "好きな物を伝える"
      },
      "use": {
        "en": "Tell someone what you like, such as a food or animal.",
        "zh": "告诉别人自己喜欢什么，例如食物或动物。",
        "ja": "好きな食べ物や動物などを伝えます。"
      },
      "rule": {
        "en": "Mark the thing you like with が. You can use 私は to name the person who has the preference when context calls for it.",
        "zh": "喜欢的事物后加“が”。需要说明是谁的喜好时，可以在句首加“私は”等。",
        "ja": "好きな物に「が」を付けます。誰の好みかを示したいときは、文頭に「私は」などを置けます。"
      },
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "私は犬が好きです。",
          "translation": {
            "en": "I like dogs.",
            "zh": "我喜欢狗。",
            "ja": ""
          }
        },
        {
          "text": "みかんが好きです。",
          "translation": {
            "en": "I like mandarins.",
            "zh": "我喜欢橘子。",
            "ja": ""
          }
        }
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": {
            "en": "The Japan Foundation · Irodori Starter, Lesson 5",
            "zh": "日本国际交流基金会《Irodori 生活日语》· 第 5 课",
            "ja": "国際交流基金『いろどり 生活の日本語』· 第5課"
          },
          "url": "https://www.irodori.jpf.go.jp/assets/data/starter/pdf/X_L05.pdf"
        }
      ],
      "url": "https://grammar.scientificsongdesign.org/entries/ga-suki-desu/"
    },
    {
      "id": "SSD-G-JA-003",
      "slug": "te-imasu-in-progress",
      "language": "ja",
      "form": "動詞のて形 + います",
      "title": {
        "en": "Describing an ongoing action",
        "zh": "用「〜ています」描述进行中的动作",
        "ja": "進行中の動作を表す"
      },
      "use": {
        "en": "Say what someone is doing now.",
        "zh": "说明某人现在在做什么。",
        "ja": "誰かが今何をしているかを伝えます。"
      },
      "rule": {
        "en": "Combine the verb’s te-form with います. Here the pattern describes an action in progress. With different verbs or contexts, it can also describe a habitual action or a state.",
        "zh": "动词变成て形，再加“います”。此处表示动作正在进行。换用不同的动词或语境时，这个形式也可表示习惯或状态。",
        "ja": "動詞のて形に「います」を付けます。ここでは動作の進行を表します。動詞や文脈によっては習慣や状態も表せます。"
      },
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "今、本を読んでいます。",
          "translation": {
            "en": "I’m reading a book now.",
            "zh": "我现在正在看书。",
            "ja": ""
          }
        },
        {
          "text": "弟は今、歌を歌っています。",
          "translation": {
            "en": "My younger brother is singing now.",
            "zh": "我弟弟现在正在唱歌。",
            "ja": ""
          }
        }
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": {
            "en": "The Japan Foundation · Irodori Elementary 1, Lesson 1",
            "zh": "日本国际交流基金会《Irodori 生活日语》· 第 1 课",
            "ja": "国際交流基金『いろどり 生活の日本語』· 第1課"
          },
          "url": "https://www.irodori.jpf.go.jp/assets/data/elementary01/pdf/Y_L01.pdf"
        }
      ],
      "url": "https://grammar.scientificsongdesign.org/entries/te-imasu-in-progress/"
    }
  ],
  "lesson": {
    "id": "SSD-L-DEMO-001",
    "language": "en",
    "title": "I see an airplane.",
    "targetWord": {
      "text": "airplane",
      "translation": {
        "en": "aircraft",
        "zh": "飞机",
        "ja": "飛行機"
      }
    },
    "grammarId": "SSD-G-EN-001",
    "tracks": [
      {
        "id": "SSD-S-DEMO-001",
        "version": "0.1.0",
        "title": {
          "en": "At the Airport",
          "zh": "在机场",
          "ja": "空港で"
        },
        "lines": [
          {
            "id": "a-1",
            "text": "I see an airplane.",
            "grammar": "an",
            "word": "airplane",
            "translation": {
              "en": "",
              "zh": "我看见一架飞机。",
              "ja": "飛行機が見えます。"
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "a-2",
            "text": "I see a bus.",
            "grammar": "a",
            "translation": {
              "en": "",
              "zh": "我看见一辆公交车。",
              "ja": "バスが見えます。"
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "SSD-S-DEMO-002",
        "version": "0.1.0",
        "title": {
          "en": "On the Way",
          "zh": "在路上",
          "ja": "道の途中で"
        },
        "lines": [
          {
            "id": "b-1",
            "text": "I see an airplane in the sky.",
            "grammar": "an",
            "word": "airplane",
            "translation": {
              "en": "",
              "zh": "我看见天上有一架飞机。",
              "ja": "空に飛行機が見えます。"
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "b-2",
            "text": "I see trains go rolling by.",
            "translation": {
              "en": "",
              "zh": "我看见火车驶过。",
              "ja": "列車が通り過ぎるのが見えます。"
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "b-3",
            "text": "I see an old bus by the square.",
            "grammar": "an",
            "translation": {
              "en": "",
              "zh": "我看见广场旁有一辆旧公交车。",
              "ja": "広場のそばに古いバスが見えます。"
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ],
    "url": "https://grammar.scientificsongdesign.org/example/"
  }
}